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What Is NULS? | A Guide to the Modular Blockchain

What is nuls? | a guide to the modular blockchain

What Is NULS? | A Guide to the Modular Blockchain

What is nuls? | a guide to the modular blockchain

What Is NULS?

NULS is a modular blockchain that implements a proof of credit (POC) consensus protocol. The team behind it is on a mission to provide enterprise-level blockchain infrastructure with a focus on pluggability and customization. They plan to do so through customizable modules that include smart contracts, subchains, and cross-chain consensus, among other things. Let’s dig in.

In this guide, we break down:

How Does NULS Work?

The NULS design consists of two functional parts:

  • The microkernel is the foundation of the network. It renders the project’s underlying mechanisms.
  • The functional modules are the plug-and-play compartments of the blockchain. They have low coupling among each other, so you can swap them in and out as you see fit.

Modular Structure

From the microkernel-powered module manager, you can connect different modules to your blockchain. For instance, you have customizable control over smart contracts, storage, consensus, and accounts. Think of the relationship between modules and your blockchain as something akin to the relationship between WordPress plugins and your website.

NULS Modular Architecture

Multi-Chain System

Instead of hosting all applications on the main chain, the network uses subchains in a multi-chain system. For block verification, the subchains report to the main chain, which, in turn, verifies their block headers. Therefore, the system needs some cross-chain communication.

Nuls c3d

NULS C3D

To accomplish the cross-chain verification, NULS has a cross-chain consensus domain (C3D). Simply put, each subchain has a set of nodes specific to itself. They also have a set of nodes that communicate cross-chain with the main blockchain. Nodes that take part in the cross-chain consensus need to load modules that work across both chains.

Proof of Credit (POC) Consensus

Although you’re able to set the consensus of your subchain to whatever you’d like, the main NULS chain utilizes POC consensus. Similar to proof of stake (PoS), POC requires you to lock a certain number of tokens to run a network node. The project also implements masternodes.

You need 2,000 NULS to vote for masternodes and 20,000 coins to create a node. If your node receives 200,000 votes, it becomes a masternode.

Now, the idea of nodes/masternodes isn’t anything new. However, NULS is unique in its use of a credit rating alongside them. The network calculates a credit coefficient for each node, which determines their consensus reward. The calculation is:

Credit Cardinality = Coefficient of Capacity + Coefficient of Duty

Coefficient of Capacity: Calculated based on the number of blocks generated in the past

Coefficient of Duty: Calculated based on violation cases and accuracy of blocks generated

Five million tokens enter circulation each year, and the total supply started at 100 million at launch.

Team and Progress

The NULS team is surprisingly large for the project’s current market cap, consisting of over 30 members. Led by CEO Liesa Huang and COO Isaac Kim, the project has contributors around the globe including team members from China, England, France, America, and Australia.

Leadership team

Leadership Team

Unfortunately, the roadmap on the project’s website is somewhat out-of-date. However, it looks like the team launched the mainnet in July 2018. Now, they’re working on NULS 2.0.

This next iteration includes multi-language modules, cross-chain functionality, and better interfaces across associated products. Version 2.0 is currently going through alpha testing and should be available on testnet sometime in Q2 2019.

Competition

At its core, NULS is a decentralized app (dapp) platform, so it’s competing with similar projects. Ethereum is the most well-known competitor in the space. Lisk is a similar project with its use of sidechains. Additionally, NEO and Cardano bring substantial opposition.

NULS’s unique value proposition comes with its modular design and implementation of the Proof of Credit consensus mechanism.

Trading

Since launching in October 2017, NULS has followed the market to a tee. The coin’s USD price reached an all-time high of over $8.00 during the height of the crypto bull market in January 2018. Following that, the price has steadily fallen. Although, it hit an all-time BTC price high of around 0.0006 BTC in May 2018. The price has seemingly found a bottom at $0.40 (~0.0001 BTC).

Like most altcoins, adoption is critical to positive price movements. For NULS, however, this may take some time. The project’s roadmap lists a goal of just 15 NULS-based application as their next milestone. So, you probably shouldn’t expect a price jump anytime soon.

Where to Buy NULS

The majority of the NULS trading volume occurs on Bit-Z, as a pair with bitcoin. However, we recommend that you look to Binance instead as it’s a more popular option for most other coins. You can trade bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, and Binance Coin for NULS on the platform.

You can also earn coins by operating a node and voting in the project’s ecosystem.

Where to Store NULS

The NULS team provides an official wallet for Windows, Linux, and Mac operating systems. On top of that, they’ve created a light wallet that enables you to store your coins without having to download the entire blockchain.

If a mobile wallet is what you’re looking for, the NULS team suggests the third-party AnyBit wallet.

Final Thoughts

NULS’s modular structure is undoubtedly unique in the dapp platform space. Even though the project hasn’t gotten the adoption or recognizability to merit it a success yet, the development team is continuing to push code to the Github repo and publishes regular updates.

The launch of NULS 2.0 and a market turnaround could be just what this project needs to put it in the spotlight. Even though it sits low in the market cap rankings, it may be something you want to keep your eye on.

Additional Resources

Website

Telegram

Twitter

Github

Medium

Reddit

The post What Is NULS? | A Guide to the Modular Blockchain appeared first on CoinCentral.

source: https://coincentral.com/nuls-guide/

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Published at Thu, 21 Mar 2019 18:29:29 +0000

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Cybersecurity Firm Reports All Fortune 500 Companies Exposed on the Dark Web

Cybersecurity Firm Reports All Fortune 500 Companies Exposed on the Dark Web

Every Fortune 500 company has some level of exposure on the dark web, with technology and telecommunications firms ranking at the top of the list, according to a report published by Denver-base OWL Cybersecurity at the end of May, 2017.

The dark web, unlike the surface web — the internet most people know of and use every day — can’t be indexed using traditional search engines, such as Google or Bing. The cybersecurity company has built a database updated with “10 to 15 million pages per day, from more than 24,000 domains on the Tor network alone, as well as other darknet networks.” With the darknet content indexed and searchable in 47 different languages, OWL claims their dark web database is the “most comprehensive one of its kind in the world.”

In the study, the OWL picked each and every company from the 2017 Fortune 500 list and assessed them with an overall darknet footprint. OWL uses a specific algorithm for the purpose, rating postings on the dark web based on their potential for criminal use.

“To compile our Darknet Index, we ran each member of the 2017 Fortune 500 through the OWL Vision database. We focused on specific darknets for matches on each company’s website and email domains and then further adjusted the results based on computations of ‘hackishness,’” the report reads.

When valuable information is either stolen or hacked, the data is often offered for sale on the dark web, OWL stated. On dark web marketplaces and forums, criminals exchange illegal products and data — mostly sourced from hacks and breaches — for cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin. Therefore, the cybersecurity company measured the exposure of the Fortune 500 firms by analyzing their presence on the darknet.

According to the researchers, in some instances, “private data for sale may have come from a breach at a Fortune 500 company, but it may not be identified as such.” OWL explained, for example, that multiple instances of credit card information up for sale on the dark web can come from various sources, including banks or retailers; however, information on the source of the compromised data is not always available or provided.

OWL ranked the Fortune 500 companies by their Darknet Index score — calculated by the cybersecurity firm’s algorithm — and also included the firms’ rankings on the Fortune 500 lists. Ranked by DARKINT (darknet intelligence), technology companies lead the list, with Amazon holding the top spot, but with telecommunications firms right alongside it.

The cybersecurity firm pointed out some key takeaways from their analysis. The researchers emphasized that all Fortune 500 companies have a presence on the dark web since “every single company in the Fortune 500 had a positive Darknet Index score.” OWL explained Amazon’s top ranking with the fact that the firm has a “massive internet presence and possesses a significant amount of customer data.”

The researchers were surprised by the comparatively positive rankings of financial firms, which are frequent targets of cybercriminals. OWL indicated that the financial industry’s significant investment in cybersecurity measures in recent years was the reason for the success. Other sectors in which the firms invested “heavily” in cybersecurity also had lower Darknet Index ratings, the researchers added.

OWL expects that by publishing such statistics in their report, they can help companies improve their cybersecurity. The cybersecurity firm enables companies with compromised data to monitor the stolen or hacked information on the dark web.

“Today, in an age where data loss is virtually inevitable, it is critical to look at the darknet as a key part of a complete cybersecurity program, enabling organizations to swiftly detect security gaps and mitigate damage prior to the misuse of data.”

The post Cybersecurity Firm Reports All Fortune 500 Companies Exposed on the Dark Web appeared first on Bitcoin Magazine.

Amazon files proof-of-work patent using cryptography

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