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Tennessee has become the latest U.S state to pass a bill recognizing the legal authority of blockchain technology and smart contracts in conducting electronic transactions.


The bill was passed by Tennessee Governor, Bill Haslam on March 26th, 2018, confirming the legal authority of blockchain and smart contract powered electronic transactions and also protecting the ownership rights of “certain information secured by blockchain technology.”

Immutable and Auditable

An amendment clarifies the application of the bill to:

Any distributed ledger protocol and supporting infrastructure, including blockchain, that uses a distributed, decentralized, shared, and replicated ledger, whether it be public or private, permissioned or permissionless, and which may include the use of electronic currencies or electronic tokens as a medium of electronic exchange.

The new legislation describes cryptographically protected data on a ledger as “immutable and auditable,” and that it “provides an uncensored truth.”

In the bill, a smart contract is classified as event-driven computer program “that executes on an electronic, distributed, decentralized, shared, and replicated ledger that is used to automate transactions.”

This bill allows for smart contracts to exist in commerce, and specifies that no such contract relating to a transaction will be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability solely because that contract contains a smart contract term.

Smart contract legislation across the u. S

Smart Contract Legislation Across the U.S

Similar bills are at various stages across the U.S. Vermont passed a bill in 2016, Arizona in May 2017, and Nevada in June 2017. Similar bills in Hawaii, Maine, and Nebraska are pending, but one in Florida failed to progress.

The bill in Nevada was part of an effort to “ensure Nevada has an environment welcoming and inclusive of startups,” and states:

If a law requires a record to be in writing, submission of a blockchain which electronically contains the record satisifes the law.

Are Specific Bills Necessary?

Blockchain technology advocates the Chamber of Digital Commerce, however, believe that individual states have no need to address the legality of smart contracts and that doing so could cause confusion and hinder innovation:

The Chamber believes that existing U.S. law, without further revision, supports the formation and enforceability of smart contracts under state and federal law. The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (“ESIGN Act”) and the Uniform Electronic Transaction Act (“UETA”) provide sufficient legal basis for smart contracts executing terms of a legal contract. Additional legislation, inconsistently drafted, will confuse the marketplace and potentially hinder innovation.

Do you think specific legislation for smart contracts and blockchain technology is necessary? Or, should existing legislation be applied as and when required? What are your thoughts on the legalities of smart contracts?


Image courtesy of AdobeStock

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Published at Mon, 02 Apr 2018 05:00:02 +0000

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Bad Karma: Community Objects to “Opportunism” of Buddhism on the Blockchain

Lotos

Last week, startup company Lotos published its new project on Reddit aiming to create a decentralized religious community, supporting Buddhism and meditation, based on the Ethereum blockchain. According to the company’s white paper, the community’s structure will be segmented into three parts: “an off-blockchain software platform” connecting the teachers and the students; “an internal economy supported by ERC20 tokens purchased by subscription fees and a central banker smart contract;” and “a website and
database backend connected to the network with Swarm.”

The ERC20 compatible Karma (KRM) token will be used for on-platform exchanges and for crowdfunding the development of the platform. In addition to that, if users are able to grow the network, they will receive KRM as a reward.

The company believes they can create a blockchain-based community by combining science and religion in a radical way. There is even a statement from Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, included in the whitepaper:

“If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false… then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims.”

The Lotos community will be divided into two parts: students and teachers. Teachers will be either elected or assigned by the company’s owner. They offer religious services for the students including “facilitating student retention and progress,” creating content for the network and “recruiting” new students. The teachers will earn Karma tokens for their activities.

On the other hand, the students can freely register into the community, although, for a price. Lotos will allow students to join “temples” and classes but they have to pay KRM tokens to do so. Furthermore, there is “Karma-gated” content, which is only available if certain students pay a flat monthly subscription fee. Students can also earn KRM bonuses if they meditate, the more regular their activity is, the more bonuses they can earn, the whitepaper detailed.

When Lotos published its whitepaper in the Ethereum community on Reddit, they received hard criticism. Most of the users argue that Buddhism does not comply with materialism.

“I think ‘searching meaning beyond materialism’ and material ‘reward of spiritual practice’ don’t mix together very well. Just a thought,” one user wrote.

“Dude what you are doing is not Buddhism it’s Opportunism. Buddhism is about Simplicity, you are leading people into Complexity. Basically with your System people’s Incentive to meditate IS TO MAKE MONEY (NOT LIBERATION),” another user wrote on Reddit.

Others in the community suspect that the whole project, which is planning to launch an ICO, is a scam or some sort of money grab.

“Here’s the problem man: you are coming out with an ICO right at a time when the inherent corruption in ICOs is very much a public thing. I like the idea of a decentralized meditation app, I really do. However the fact that you are doing an ICO for ‘decentralized religion’ on something that isn’t non-profit ESPECIALLY BUDDHISM screams scam, and I believe it is one. If this is really your passion to help people around the world learn to meditate and become spiritual, you wouldn’t have a for-profit business model. Without a non-profit, you really don’t have a leg to stand on when it comes to spirituality,” a user named “PJBRed27” said about the project.

Surprisingly, it seems the negative opinions on the project made Lotos change some of the concepts of the project:

“We are changing direction a bit now:

  1. Remove ICO mention from all marketing material / stop the crowd-fund campaign and work on building our community.

  2. Start playing the slow and steady ‘snowball going down a mountain’ game.

  3. Write blog posts at least once per week, each post highlights one of the community’s biggest concerns with our project (like why we need ERC20 tokens).

  4. This also gives us time to find both blockchain and buddhist advisors.

  5. Move away from ‘Buddhist’ to ‘Secular Meditation’.”

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