The issue of blockchain scalability is probably the one that raises its head most often, alongside regulation. Depending on the method of consensus, block size (if applicable) and underlying technologies being used, blockchain speeds — transactions per second or ‘tps’ — have been reported from anywhere between 2tps and theorised millions of tps. Scalability is the single biggest selling point of alternatives to bitcoin and Ethereum and every blockchain is working on methods to improve. When examining this issue, it is important to keep in mind the following:
Some blockchains are currently more popular than others and therefore have been tested to the limit.Theoretical transaction speed is not the same as actual transaction speed.It is easy to make claims but harder to prove them in a real-world environment where unseen variables come into play.Some blockchains are focussed on one use — e.g. bitcoin for payments.There is almost certainly going to be a trade off in one area (security, decentralisation, computing power or other) when trying to dramatically improve scalability.
The particularly key aspect to review to the problem is the number of transactions per second that the platform can process, and the related confirmation time once a transaction has been sent that this leads to; although, also of note is the amount of space that it takes to store a full node of the blockchain: if too much data is required, it limits the number of people that can afford to run the nodes which will restrict the growth and therefore security of the network.
Unless the number of transactions per second that a network can handle is sufficient, the blockchain will not be able to be used for a number of solutions to which it could hold the key, such as micropayments. As blockchain technology merges with the Internet of Things, Big Data and AI, there is a need to process potentially hundreds of thousands and even millions of transactions per second as connected devices interact alongside humans using the network. Similarly, unless confirmation times are low enough, using blockchain solutions are not going to be acceptable for everyday use cases.
Without addressing these concerns, development of blockchain solutions will slow and the real world applications of the technology will not be realised. This has been seen at various points over the last year with questions raised around bitcoin transaction fees and the slowing down of the Ethereum network.
Despite being the most well-known system and proven for decentralisation and security, Proof of Work may not be the best solution in the long run as the time and energy it takes to validate transactions are prohibitive of scaling without additional fixes being worked on (more on this later). Proof of Stake holds more promise as a base but there are other ‘Proof of’ systems being developed, including subtle variations of existing ones.
When looking at the number of transactions per second, blockchains are often compared to PayPal, which has around 200 tps, and Visa, which averages about 2500 tps but has a peak of 24,000. Compared with the original Proof of Work bitcoin blockchain, with 2 to 7 transactions per second (although 16 tps have supposedly been recorded) and a block time of 10 minutes, traditional methods have the upper hand. Even with bitcoin Cash increasing the block size to enable 60 tps it is still a long way off.
Ethereum also began using Proof of Work but has plans to move to Proof of Stake. Currently it manages to process between 15 and 25 transactions per second with a block time of 15 seconds. This is superior to the original bitcoin blockchain in terms of scalability but still not usable for worldwide adoption. As one of the largest blockchains, Ethereum has a lot of public interest and has been very vocal on its need to scale and the methods it will implement in the near future to achieve this.
An alternative to bitcoin, Litecoin facilitates payments between businesses and people with roughly 56 tps. Charlie Lee, creator of Litecoin, plans for the network to be used alongside the bitcoin blockchain — even when proposed scalability solutions come into force on both networks. Dash is in a similar position at the moment but use ‘masternodes’ to scale the platform which will simply pour more power into running the validating nodes as the network scales to achieve theoretical millions of transactions per second.
Ripple is a payment focussed blockchain and has focussed on banks, exchanges, payment providers and the corporate world. When it first began in 2012 it ran at about 80 tps but at the end of last year was recording 1500 tps, with 4 second block times. As a solution that works with financial services, Ripple may be expected to scale well as investment should be readily available. However, Ripple is somewhat centralised in banks and payment institutions so adoption outside of financial services may not be so desirable.
Like Ethereum, Neo is focussed on smart contracts like Ethereum. It uses Proof of Stake and has a theoretical speed of 10,000 tps but practically has achieved 1,000 tps. Originally focussing itself in China, Neo is positioning itself as a main competitor to Ethereum and is poised to attract significant attention in the next couple of years.
Using a ‘Delegated’ Proof of Stake system, Eos is another competitor to Ethereum and claims to remove transaction fees for end-users and facilitate 20,000–100,000 transactions per second with the potential to scale to millions of tps; although, as it is still under development these numbers have not been tested in the same way that bitcoin an Ethereum, for example, have.
NEM is another blockchain using a different system which is known as Proof of Importance. It is focussing on real-world use cases and has been shown in testing on a private chain called Minjin to achieve 3000–4000 tps.
Designed for use with the Internet of Things, IOTA uses a novel technology called ‘tangle’ which is designed to simultaneously solve scalability issues and eliminate transaction fees. Using tangle technology, IOTA transaction times increase as the number of users grow.
A mix between bitcoin and Ethereum, Qtum’s mainnet processes about 60 to 70 transactions per second. Scalability for Qtum can occur via its Decentralised Governance Protocol if the network members decide, but the development team is also working on the Qtum x86 VM to improve efficiency an tps.
Stellar is becomingly increasingly popular and has a reported 1,000 transactions per second, with the potential to double this without much difficulty whilst using its bitcoin-inspired Stellar Consensus Protocol. It is planning on implementing the same scalability solution as the bitcoin blockchain.
Private blockchain Hyperledger Fabric does not tend to publish its transaction rate but there is reference to it achieving in excess of 3,500 tps and uses a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance System which has been described as scalable to tens of thousands of tps.
Zilliqa uses sharding technology to achieve thousands of tps. Its testnet has processed between 2,000 and 3,500 transactions per second. Like Hyperledger Fabric, it uses a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance System.
There is currently a huge range of blockchains available with various speeds and scalability prospects. Whether the theorised tps rate that some are claiming are valid remains to be seen but each blockchain is developing scaling methods.
Lightning networks are being investigated by blockchains for off-chain scaling whereby private channels can be opened between network participants and the result only brought on-chain at the conclusion. bitcoin, Stellar and Ethereum (in Ethereum Raiden) are some examples of where this is being brought in. Tangle technology, as being used by IOTA, promises amazing potential scalability but is still early in development and needs time to prove itself. Zilliqa’s approach of sharding is another potential scalability method whereby the network would be split amongst different nodes which would then work in concert to verify transactions — increasing the processing power, and therefore scalability, available to the network. Plasma is yet another scalability solution which is also being investigated by Ethereum which creates a hierarchy of blockchains which can share the workload of the network and only require the ‘root blockchain’ to be updated occasionally.
Whichever blockchain you examine, scalability is a key focus and one that is drawing huge attention from the community to determine if blockchain solutions are viable in the real world on a large scale. Whilst there may be not solid answer yet, with so much research and development on the topic it is only a matter of time before a workable solution, or solutions, are implemented. Whether it is the lightning network, tangle, sharding, plasma or another yet-to-be-invented solution, 2018 seems like it will be the year that scalability will come.
— By Matthew Warner
Фонд P2P Solutions является независимым органом, управляемым Советом Фонда. Фонд P2P Solutions был уполномочен создать всемирную сеть цифровых услуг, которая включает в себя альтернативную рабочую модель для традиционных моделей одноранговых сетей на базе Blockchain и соответствовать современным технологиям.
Все, чем вы обмениваетесь цифровым способом с кем угодно и где угодно, не является конфиденциальным, включая информацию, пересылаемую вашими так называемыми «частными» корпоративными сетями.
Цель P2PS Solutions — предоставить пользователям систему, с помощью которой можно обмениваться конфиденциальными цифровыми активами или файлами без каких-либо вмешательств со стороны третьих лиц.
P2PS — первая в мире блочная, безопасная, цифровая коммуникационная платформа, предназначенная для всех, кто нуждается в надежном хранении и обмене цифровыми данными, такими как личные данные, медицинские записи, банковские данные и данные, классифицированные государством. На сегодняшний день такие платформы просто отсутствуют.
Токен P2PS предназначен для использования на платформе P2PS. Он необходим для осуществления транзакций на децентрализованной, безопасной и устойчивой платформе одноранговой связи, используемых в правительственных и оборонных областях, в области цифрового образования и доставки, в медицине и фармацевтике, в банковском деле и в других корпоративных секторах.
Поскольку токен P2PS — это крипто-маркерная система ERC20 и интеллектуальная контрактная система, построенная на блочной цепочке Ethereum, она легко переносится между пользователями и платформами, используя совместимые с ERC20 кошельки и плавно интегрируется в биржи.
В настоящее время и в ближайшей перспективе использование токенов P2PS будет выходить за пределы североамериканского континента на Ближний Восток, обеспечивая доступный для обслуживания рынок, составляющий примерно 110 миллионов пользователей из 220 миллионов потенциальных пользователей. Нынешними клиентами P2P Solutions Foundation, среди прочего, являются Electronic Leaning Inc. (ELI), пионер в решениях eLearning ( ) и консорциум группы ISI ( ). Поскольку ELI и ISI Group ориентированы на образование, сегменты рынка правительства и обороны, банковского дела и финансов, токен P2PS будет иметь возможность немедленной интеграции с готовой клиентской базой в Северной Америке, Европе и Австралии, а также в странах Ближнего Востока. Более того, как ELI, так и ISI группа внедряются и на другие мировые рынки, такие как Европа, Южная Америка, Китай и т. д., Что обеспечит токены P2PS более массовое распространение.
Токены P2PS имеют перспективу высокого роста через клиентов ELI и ISI. И ELI, и ISI Group взимают немалую годовую плату со своих пользователей за использование цифровых платформ, а токены P2PS призваны заменить их лицензии, то обе корпорации получат преимущества от переноса их моделей лицензирования на технологию Blockchain. А переход на криптографические технологии повысит их функции безопасности.
После запуска предпродажной рекламы P2PS и ICO, которая должна состояться в сети Ethereum, любой желающий приобрести токены P2PS может сделать это, используя основные криптовалюты, которыми они владеют через сайт P2P Solutions Foundation. Затем токены P2PS будут введены на глобальные биржи, такие как Bittrex, Poloniex, Coinone, Yobit, Liqui, Waves DEX, EtherDelta и Cryptopia. После приобретения токенов P2PS вы можете поместить их в стандартный маркерный кошелек ERC20, такой как MyEtherWallet, Meta Mask, Mist, Parity, Imtoken и т. д. Одна из важных причин, по которой будет полезно приобрести и удерживать токены P2PS, это то, что кроме торговли они предназначены для использования на различных защищенных одноранговых проприетарных сетевые платформах.
Детали проведения ICO
Стоимость токенов P2PS
300P2PS = 0.06BTC
300P2PS = 1ETH
300P2PS = 6LTC
Минимальная покупка: 50P2PS
Бонусы:
1 день — 40%
2 день — 30%
3–5 день — 25%
6–9 день — 20%
10–15 день — 10%
Распределение токенов
Pre-ICO — 25%
ICO — 25%
Команда и баунти — 10%
Резерв — 40%
— — — — — —
4 месяца назад
ituber68 в
Крипто-токен P2PS — это маркер цифрового активатора ERC20 основанный на технологии blockchain. Он заменяет традиционную лицензию и транзакционные сборы, оплачиваемые как поставщиками услуг, так и конечными пользователями на различных платформах электронной коммерции одноранговых сетей. Крипто-токен P2PS был разработан командой P2P Solutions Foundation.
Фонд P2P Solutions является независимым органом, управляемым Советом Фонда. Фонд P2P Solutions был уполномочен создать всемирную сеть цифровых услуг, которая включает в себя альтернативную рабочую модель для традиционных моделей одноранговых сетей. Альтернативные рабочие модели одноранговых сетей должны быть на Blockchain и соответствовать криптовым технологиям, которые окончательно признаны технологиями будущего.
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Старт продажи токенов:
На данный момент продажа токенов уже стартовала
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Баунти программа
Всего на баунти кампанию выделено 1% токенов
Социальные сети — 30% токеновПодписи Bitcointalk — 30% токеновСоздание контента — 14% токеновПереводы и модерация — 20% токеновReddit — 6%
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Подписи Bitcointalk
30% токенов
Правила:
Необходимо не снимать подпись до конца кампанииМинимум 25 постов в неделюПосты не менее 75 символовВсе посты в разделе альтернативных криптовалютПосты должны быть конструктивнымиСпам запрещенАккаунты с негативным доверием не могут участвоватьНеобходимо писать отчет каждую неделю в баунти тред
Токены:
Newbie — 50 токенов в неделюJr. Member — 100 токенов в неделюMember- 150 токенов в неделюFull Member -200 токенов в неделюSr. Member — 350 токенов в неделюHero\Legendary Member — 300 токенов в неделю
Все подписи можно просмотреть
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Создание контента
14% токенов
Правила:
Ваш контент должен быть качественнымВаш контент должен быть оригинальнымВаш контент должен быть в публичном доступеСтатья не менее 500 символовВидео не менее 2 минутВаше видео должно быть добавлено на ваш YouTube каналНе менее 101 подписчика на вашем каналеНе забывайте добавлять ссылки на официальный сайт платформы whitepaper и ANN тред в конце статьи и в подписе к видео
Токены:
Статья
Отличное качество — 300 ставокХорошее качество — 250 ставокНормальное качество — 100 ставок
Видео
Отличное качество — 250 ставокХорошее качество — 150 ставокНормальное качество — 100 ставок
Для регистрации необходимо написать пост со всеми ссылками на ваши работы в баунти треде
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Социальные сети
30% токенов
Правила:
Необходимо подписаться на официальную страничку платформы в Twitter У вас должно быть минимум 300 настоящих подписчиковАккаунт не младше 3 месяцевРетвит и лайк минимум 8 твитов в неделю с тегами ETH, BTC, P2PSВаш аккаунт должен быть настоящимТолько один аккаунт на одного человекаСпам запрещенНеобходимо писать отчет каждую пятницу в баунти тред
Токены:
300–749 подписчиков — 20 токенов в неделю750–1499 подписчиков — 35 токенов в неделю1500–9999 подписчиков — 50 токенов в неделю10,000+ подписчиков — 80 токенов в неделю
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Правила:
Необходимо подписаться на официальную страничку платформы в Facebook У вас должно быть минимум 200 друзейВаш аккаунт должен быть в публичном доступеМинимум 8 репостов и лайков в неделюСпам запрещенТолько один аккаунт на одного человекаНеобходимо писать отчет каждую пятницу в баунти тред
Токены:
200–499 друзей — 30 токенов в неделю500+ друзей — 60 токенов в неделю
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Переводы и модерация
20% токенов
Правила:
Ваш перевод должен быть оригинальнымВаш перевод должен быть качественнымНеобходимо получить подтверждение администрации перед началом переводаИспользование интернет переводчиков запрещеноТолько для Jr Member или вышеПереводчик ANN треда будет так же ответственен и за модерацию своего тредаСпам запрещенТолько один перевод на человека
Токены:
Качественный перевод любого текста или темы — 250 токенов
Для резервации напишите в баунти треде желаемый язык и опыт переводов
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6% токенов
Правила:
Любая запись или комментарий на r / ethereum или r / icocrypto или r / cryptocurrency, которая достигает 10+ голосов — 35 P2PS / неделяКоманда будет постоянно проверять Reddit в поисках наиболее активных промоутеров и в конце ICO они получат дополнительно — 150 P2PS
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ICO P2PS веб-сайт:
ICO P2PS “Белая Бумага”:
ICO P2PS Bitcointalk ANN Thread:
Наш профайл на BitCoinTalk:
Наш телеграм канал со списком баунти ICO проектов:
✅ Наши услуги по криптовалютам:
✅ Список БОЛЬШИНСТВА криптосерсисов на одной странице:
✅ Телеграм канал с новостями об криптовалютах и ICO:
✅ Партнерская Программа iTuber:
✅ Телеграм группа для взаиморекламы в социальной сети Golos:
✅ Телеграм группа для взаиморекламы в социальной сети Steemit:
✅ Телеграм чат iTuber Team:
✅ Телеграм чат iTuber Team2:
✅ Телеграм группа для майнеров iTuber Mining:
✅ Телеграм группа для обмена криптовалютами:
✅ Телеграм группа для разработчиков:
✅ Полное обучение Как Заработать На Биткоин Новичку с Нуля Без Вложений в 2017:
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In one of the all-time greatest episodes of The Simpsons, “Bart Sells His Soul,” Milhouse apologizes for selling Bart’s soul to the proprietor of the comic book store. “But look,” Milhouse exclaims. “I got some cool pogs! Alf pogs! Remember Alf? He’s back…in pog form!”
The joke is essentially a one-two punch against fads: both the then-already-forgotten Alf — a not-insignificant commercial hit in its day — and pogs, a flash-in-the-pan playground obsession that barely lasted a single school year.
It isn’t too difficult to identify a fad as it weaves its way through popular culture. Fidget spinners reached market saturation in a matter of minutes, and are currently clogging up bargain bins and convenience store checkout counters across North America. But just because you can spot a given fad doesn’t necessarily mean you can avoid it.
Any parent who has recently purchased Shopkins for their child knows that special pain of being coerced into splurging on a passing and overpriced fancy. Every generation has its fads, as well as the parents responsible for indulging them — lest they suffer the consequences of resistance.
There are, of course, more complex cases. Cryptocurrency has gone from fad to gold rush several times over. The value of bitcoin has spiked from modest beginnings to dizzying peaks, but as of this writing is in the midst of a crash. Maybe by the time you read this, it will be back to those dizzying peaks again. Herein lies the difficulty of prospecting in these “mines”: the thrill of striking it rich is often followed by the bitter hangover of over-saturation and a stock gone sour.
The roller-coaster ride of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin is provoking no small share of skepticism and disdain, causing many to dismiss this emergent market as nothing more than a pog-like fad. This holds true also of the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrency to function: blockchain. But the volatility of cryptocurrencies should not cause us to throw the proverbial baby out with the bathwater.
Whether bitcoin ultimately lives or dies, the long-term prospects for blockchain are far rosier, and its potential applications and enticing.
This claim is often followed by the question: What the hell is blockchain, anyway? Simply put, blockchain is an open, digital ledger that allows groups of any size to track transactions of value to them. If you’ve ever shared and edited a Google doc along with a larger group of collaborators, you already have a basic sense of what Blockchain is and how it works.
The underlying concept here is that while you can add value by editing elements of the document, you can also see what changes are being made to it elsewhere by other collaborators — and verify their validity. The process of changing the document is transparent to everyone involved. This means each collaborator can also see what other changes are being made, who is making them and then collectively verify value (or call bullshit) in real-time.
In a traditional process, the document would be passed around without transparency. Each new draft comes into existence without the rigours of peer verification around the value of the edits that were made in order to get here. Google Docs, like a blockchain, effectively cuts out middlemen, decentralizes thought leadership and democratizes what were formerly hierarchical and centralized processes.
Pretty cool, right?
The analogy works a little bit better when you exchange content for energy, which, like content, takes some effort to create. Let’s imagine you’re one of those forward-thinking home-owners that slapped a set of PV panels on your roof to take the edge off of your electricity bill. Before you know it, there’s a string of sunny days, and your solar system is generating more power than you know what to do with. Luckily your neighbour’s teenager has been hitting the hairdryer pretty hard as of late, and she’s interested in taking some of that excess power off of your hands. Through a blockchain enabled exchange system, the two of you can sort out a price much better than that of your stodgy utility company.
So it goes for the entire block, everyone bartering for energy tailored to their specific needs, at prices negotiated at everyone’s discretion. In this situation, the blockchain allows our neighbourhood to transparently deal energy to one another — activating payment (perhaps in a cryptocurrency) if/when the energy is distributed.
It is this concept of “if/when” transparency that excites the commercially minded, as it opens the door to a future of “smart contracts” where vendors and customers can openly verify all aspects of their relationship, and ensure that value is delivered in every transaction. This only scratches the surface of blockchain’s possible applications against networked transactional relationships, and the disruption of these applications are potentially as wide-sweeping as the internet itself was more than two decades ago. So, while bitcoin may yet join Alf pogs and fidget spinners in their overstuffed bargain bin, blockchain will, in my opinion, be the indirect gift that keeps on giving for a long time to come.
was originally published in on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
